POINT 1 : Conjunctions that precede a sentence of adversative conjunction
ポイント1 : 逆説的(ぎゃくせつてき)なことを言(い)う文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く
1-1 ところが N3
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence expresses a fact that is the opposite of what is expected after reading the first. It has the connotation of being unexpected.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)から予測(よそく)したことと逆(ぎゃく)のことを言(い)う事実文(じじつぶん)が続(つづ)く。意外感(いがいかん)。
1-2 だが N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence does not agree with the information found in the first. It is more formal than “しかし.”
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)とは合(あ)わないことを言(い)う文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。「しかし」より硬(かた)い。
1-3 それなのに N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence expresses a fact that is not a matter of course, based on what is expected after reading the first sentence. It has the connotation of surprise and discontent.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)から考(かんが)えて当然(とうぜん)ではないことを言(い)う事実文(じじつぶん)が続(つづ)く。驚(おどろ)き、不満(ふまん)。
1-4 それでも N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence expresses something clearly independent of the fact mentioned in the first.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)の事実(じじつ)があっても、それに影響(えいきょう)されないと言(い)う文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
POINT 2 : Conjunctions that precede expressing a conclusion
ポイント2 : 帰結(きけつ)を述(の)べる文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く
2-1 そのため[に] N3
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence <expressing a fact> clearly shows a usually not good result.
はっきり結果(けっか)を述(の)べる文(ぶん)<事実(じじつ)の文(ぶん)、主(おも)によくない結果(けっか)>が続(つづ)く。
2-2 それで N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence <expressing a fact> weakly shows a result or progress.
結果(けっか)やなりゆきを弱(よわ)く述(の)べる文(ぶん)<事実(じじつ)の文(ぶん)>が続(つづ)く。
2-3 したがって N2
Used mainly in written language to connect two sentences where the second sentence shows a logical result.
論理的(ろんりてき)な結果(けっか)を述(の)べる文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
2-4 すると N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence indicates an event triggered by or discovered in the first.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)が契機(けいき)となって起(お)こったこと、発見(はっけん)したことを表(あらわ)す文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
2-5 そこで N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence describes a volitional action triggered by something described in the first.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)を理由(りゆう)として、意志的(いしてき)に行(おこな)った行為(こうい)を表(あらわ)す文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
POINT 3 : Conjunctions that precede a sentence providing extra information
ポイント3 : 補足的(ほそくてき)に述(の)べる文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く
3-1 ただし N2
Used in official situations to connect two sentences where the second gives supplementary conditions or exceptions to things mentioned in the first.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)に断(ことわ)り書(が)きとして条件(じょうけん)や例外(れいがい)を付(つ)け加(くわ)える文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。事務的(じむてき)な場面(ばめん)で使(つか)う。
3-2 もっとも N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence provides information partially correcting what has been said in the first.
前(まえ)の文(ぶん)に部分的(ぶぶんてき)な訂正(ていせい)をする文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
3-3 なお N2
Used in formal situations to connect two sentences where the second sentence provides additional information or an explanation related to the first.
補足的(ほそくてき)な説明(せつめい)や別(べつ)の説明(せつめい)を加(くわ)える文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。改(あらた)まった場面(ばめん)で使(つか)う。
3-4 ちなみに N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence provides related information.
関係(かんけい)がある情報(じょうほう)を加(くわ)える文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
POINT 4 : Conjunctions that precede a sentence providing additional information
ポイント4 : 追加(ついか)したいことを述(の)べる文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く
4-1 また N3
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence provides information other than that provided in the first.
関連(かんれん)のある別(べつ)のことを並(なら)べる文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
4-2 その上(うえ) N3
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence provides additional information.
前文(ぜんぶん)に加(くわ)わることを表(あらわ)す文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
4-3 しかも N2
Used to connect two sentences where the second sentence provides more information or information that is unexpected from what has been said in the first.
前文(ぜんぶん)以上(いじょう)のこと、または逆説的(ぎゃくせつてき)なことを加(くわ)える文(ぶん)が続(つづ)く。
Japanese Conjunctions list
Elementary
N5
Elementary
N4
Intermediate N3-N2